Community Archives and the Digital Divide 2.0: Who Is Left Out of Trusted Digital Repositories and Historical Preservation Conversations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33700/2670-451X.36.2.127-145(2026)Keywords:
digital divide, community archives, trusted digital preservation, ethics of care, professional archivistsAbstract
Purpose: This article examines whose voices are missing from discussions of trusted digital archiving and argues that the digital divide has shifted from a question of who can access technology to a question of whose records survive. It focuses on community archives and on what professional archivists can do to support them.
Method/approach: The article combines a literature review on the digital divide and community archives with a mixed methods survey of professional archivists administered in 2016. Of 152 respondents, 139 had worked with community archives, 77 completed the survey, and respondents described 283 community archives.
Results: Processing was the most frequent request from community archives (61%), while preservation was the need professionals ranked highest (70%) yet only the sixth most requested. Nearly half of the community archives collected electronic records, but only 23% had a preservation or sustainability plan, 29% used collection management software and 16% had a grant writer. Three quarters of respondents said resources for supporting community archives were insufficient, and they wanted new resources to be free, accessible, written for a lay audience and focused on sustaining archives over time.
Conclusions/findings: Economic, technical and institutional barriers, reinforced by the positionality of those who set standards and funding priorities, exclude small, racialized, Indigenous, working-class, rural and LGBTQ+ communities from trusted digital preservation. Free plain language resources, dedicated funding and partnerships grounded in an ethics of care are proposed as steps toward a more inclusive record.
Downloads
References
Bastian, J. A. & Alexander, B. (Eds.). (2009). Community archives: The shaping of memory. London: Facet Publishing.
Breivik, P. S. (1998). Student learning in the information age. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.
Bronstad, L.K., Yaco, S. & Hankins, R. (2019) Parallel Universes: Community Archives and Professional Archivists (unpublished survey), 2019. Email permission from Yaco and Bronstad, 2026.
Caswell, M. (2014). Seeing yourself in history: Community archives and the fight against symbolic annihilation. The Public Historian, 36(4), 26-37. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1525/tph.2014.36.4.26 (accessed on 27.09.2026).
Christen, K. (2011). Opening archives: Respectful repatriation. The American Archivist, 74(1), 185-210.
Christen, K. (2015). Tribal archives, traditional knowledge, and local contexts: Why the “s” matters. Journal of Western Archives, 6(1), Article 3. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/westernarchives/vol6/iss1/3 (accessed on 27.09.2026).
Cook, T. (2013). Evidence, memory, identity, and community: Four shifting archival paradigms. Archival Science, 13(2-3), 95-120. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-012-9180-7 (accessed on 27.09.2026).
Earhart, A., Hankins, R., Ives, M, & Potvin, S. (2018-2019). Collaboration statement. Retrieved from http://dhrace.net/DIBB/collaboration-statement/ (accessed on 27.09.2026).
Digital Preservation Coalition. (2015). Digital preservation handbook (2nd ed.). Retrieved from https://www.dpconline.org/handbook (accessed on 27.09.2026).
Dunbar, A. W. (2006). Introducing critical race theory to archival discourse: Getting the conversation started. Archival Science, 6(1), 109-129.
Federal Communications Commission. (2026). National broadband map. Retrieved from https://broadbandmap.fcc.gov (accessed on 27.09.2026).
First Archivists Circle. (2007). Protocols for Native American archival materials. Retrieved from https://www2.nau.edu/libnap-p/protocols.html (accessed on 27.09.2026).
Flinn, A. (2007). Community histories, community archives: Some opportunities and challenges. Journal of the Society of Archivists, 28(2), 151-176.
Flinn, A., Stevens, M. & Shepherd, E. (2009). Whose memories, whose archives? Independent community archives, autonomy and the mainstream. Archival Science, 9(1-2), 71-86.
Gilliland, A. J. (2014). Conceptualizing 21st-century archives. Chicago: Society of American Archivists.
Goldsborough, R. (2000). Bridging the digital divide. Black Issues in Higher Education, 16(27), 46.
Grimm, T. B. & Noriega, C. A. (2013). Documenting regional Latino arts and culture: Case studies for a collaborative, community-oriented approach. The American Archivist, 76(1), 95-112.
Hargittai, E. (2002). Second-level digital divide: Differences in people’s online skills. First Monday, 7(4). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v7i4.942 (accessed on 27.09.2026).
Hedstrom, M. (2014). [Chapter title]. In D. Daniel & A. Levi (Eds.), Identity palimpsests: Archiving ethnicity in the U.S. and Canada (pp. [pages]). Sacramento, CA: Litwin Books.
InterPARES Trust. (2016). Terminology database. Retrieved from https://interparestrust.org/terminology (accessed on 27.09.2026).
Jaeger, P. T. & Bertot, J. C. (2010). Transparency and technological change: Ensuring equal and sustained public access to government information. Government Information Quarterly, 27(4), 371-376.
Library of Congress. (2001). Digital library initiatives. Retrieved from http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/dli2/index.html (accessed on 27.09.2026).
Lougee, W. P. (1998). Building an institutional infrastructure: A prerequisite to scanning. In School for scanning. Andover, MA: Northeast Document Conservation Center.
Millar, L. (2010). Archives: Principles and practices. New York: Neal-Schuman.
Muñoz, T. (2012, August 19). Digital humanities in the library isn’t a service. Retrieved from http://trevormunoz.com/notebook/2012/08/19/doing-dh-in-the-library.html (accessed on 27.09.2026).
National Center for Education Statistics. (2022). Rural students’ access to the internet. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/lfc/internet-access-students-rural (accessed on 27.09.2026).
Nestle, J. (1990). The will to remember: The Lesbian Herstory Archives of New York. Feminist Review, 34, 86-94.
Norris, P. (2001). Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nowviskie, B. (2015, October 4). On capacity and care. Retrieved from http://nowviskie.org/2015/on-capacity-and-care/ (accessed on 27.09.2026).
Oiarzabal, P. J. (2014). Migrant memories in the ephemeral digital age: The case of the Basque institutional diaspora in North America. In D. Daniel & A. Levi (Eds.), Identity palimpsests: Archiving ethnicity in the U.S. and Canada (pp. [pages]). Sacramento, CA: Litwin Books.
Paschild, C. N. (2012). Community archives and the limitations of identity: Considering discursive impact on material needs. The American Archivist, 75(1), 125-142.
Ross, S. (2012). Digital preservation, archival science and methodological foundations for digital libraries. New Review of Information Networking, 17(1), 43-68.
Saunders, L. M. (Ed.). (1993). The virtual library: Visions and realities. Westport, CT: Meckler.
Sheffield, R. T. (2016). More than acid-free folders: Extending the concept of preservation to include the stewardship of unexplored histories. Library Trends, 64(3), 572-584.
Stevens, M., Flinn, A. & Shepherd, E. (2010). New frameworks for community engagement in the archive sector: From handing over to handing on. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 16(1-2), 59-76.
Sunlight Foundation. (2017). Web integrity project: Tracking changes to federal websites. Washington, DC: Sunlight Foundation.
Thorpe, K. (2019). Transformative praxis: Building spaces for Indigenous self-determination in libraries and archives. In the Library with the Lead Pipe. Retrieved from http://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/2019/transformative-praxis/ (accessed on 27.09.2026).
United States Census Bureau. (2022). Census Bureau releases estimates of undercount and overcount in the 2020 Census. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2022/2020-census-estimates-of-undercount-and-overcount.html (accessed on 27.09.2026).
Van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2020). The digital divide. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Wakimoto, D. K., Hansen, D. G. & Bruce, C. (2013). The case of LLACE: Challenges, triumphs, and lessons of a community archives. The American Archivist, 76(2), 438-457.
Walch, V. I., Beaumont, N. K., Yakel, E., Bastian, J. A., Zimmelman, N., Davis, S. E. & Diffley, A. (2006). ACENSUS (Archival census and education needs survey in the United States). The American Archivist, 69*(2), 291-419.